Promising results support the further development of new small-molecule PD-L1 inhibitors with favourable benefit–risk profiles and improved ease of use compared with antibodies

Updated data from two studies report significant improvements in recurrence-free survival and distant-metastasis free survival with pembrolizumab or nivolumab 

Several studies report on promising data with immunomodulation and alternative approaches

However, presented findings raise some questions about their efficacy in non-injected lesions and the durability of responses  

Final results from the KEYNOTE-522 study confirm that the integration of pembrolizumab into the treatment regimen has the potential to transform patient management, but careful patient selection and monitoring for toxicities will be crucial 

Early-phase clinical trial results show promise to optimise the current standard of care by using dual-targeting agents and investigating the most effective chemotherapy backbone for PD-L1 blockade 

Findings from two studies show high rates of complete remissions in patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin unresponsive high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and muscle-invasive bladder cancer 

Practice changing results of event-free survival and overall survival are reported from the NIAGARA study

Overall survival benefits of systemic therapy in the adjuvant setting are still unclear in clinical trials, and may need to be complemented with real-world studies