Results from studies presented at the ESMO Congress 2023 (Madrid, 20–24 October) outline different strategies involving indirect immune modulation and direct enhanced tumour cytotoxicity to improve on chemotherapy as the current standard of second-line care after ICI progression

Promising data from the ATTLAS phase III study indicate a potential new approach for treating patients progressing on TKIs 

The SAPPHIRE trial failed to meet its primary endpoint compared with chemotherapy

Results from the TRACERx study suggest a potential role of CHIP as a prognostic biomarker, but further research is needed 

Extended analyses from two regulatory phase III trials show that the benefits of anti-PD-1-based therapy persist long term, even in patients with brain metastases 

Data from two studies improve knowledge of how to treat patients with a disease harbouring this molecular alteration and how to monitor response to treatment 

Final OS analysis of the phase III CONTACT-01 trial reports negative results for immunotherapy versus docetaxel in patients progressing on checkpoint inhibitors plus chemotherapy 

Additional exploratory analyses of the phase III CheckMate 816 trial reveal that event-free survival at 3 years is not influenced by surgical parameters and suggest that tumour inflammation may be a useful predictive biomarker 

Updated results from the CHRYSALIS trial also suggest a number of biomarkers predictive of sustained clinical benefit with the EGFR–MET bispecific antibody  

Patients consider side-effects of the KRAS G12C inhibitor to be more tolerable and to have less interference on their lives than those due to docetaxel