Results from four early-phase studies show that combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with other immunotherapies or with TKIs is a potentially efficacious strategy for the treatment of different diseases including GIST and vascular sarcomas 

Negative trials presented at the ESMO Congress 2023 suggest that a new treatment strategy may be required for patients with metastatic disease

Safety and efficacy data of some novel immunotherapy agents are encouraging, but more research is needed to identify biomarkers and the optimal treatment schedule 

Data from selected patients in the RUBY trial show improvements in QoL domains over the course of treatment and benefits compared with placebo 

Results from studies presented at the ESMO Congress 2023 (Madrid, 20–24 October) outline different strategies involving indirect immune modulation and direct enhanced tumour cytotoxicity to improve on chemotherapy as the current standard of second-line care after ICI progression

Promising data from the ATTLAS phase III study indicate a potential new approach for treating patients progressing on TKIs 

In the KEYNOTE-A18 study, the combination of pembrolizumab and concurrent chemoradiotherapy significantly improved progression-free survival

The SAPPHIRE trial failed to meet its primary endpoint compared with chemotherapy

The impact of immunotherapy on disease progression and survival remains uncertain, but biomarker selection may be the future

Efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in this setting reflects that reported in triple-negative breast cancer and is confirmed by long-term data presented at the ESMO Congress