Opinions

Lessons learned about the importance of the gut microbiome composition in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy response could be crucial in tailoring cancer care 

Recent data indicate a role of immunotherapy for tumours with high levels of microsatellite instability, especially in the neoadjuvant setting

The development of KRAS selective inhibitors promises to expand treatment to a broader population of patients with KRAS-mutated tumours

Improvements in the understanding of molecular mechanisms, together with a greater focus on prevention, are key elements to countering gynaecological malignancies 

A more detailed picture of breast cancer establishment may facilitate prevention and detection in women at high risk

Individualised assessment of initial response to therapy may pave the way for chemotherapy-sparing treatment, but it requires that multidisciplinary teams adapt their current practices  

Benefits of these targeted agents are not limited to tumours with germline BRCA1/2 mutations, but many questions remain to be answered

ctDNA offers immense possibilities for improving the management of early-stage lung cancer and the area is primed for new trials to test this approach in the context of minimal residual disease

Personalised proteogenomics has the power to transform the identification, staging and management of NSCLC in never smokers

Innovative models and increased cross-border collaborations can further support the implementation of rare cancer reference centres to expedite diagnosis and improve treatment