Opinions

Defining patients most likely to respond, a better understanding of the host–tumour immune axis and clinical trials for specific subtypes are key to extending success

Adjuvant immunotherapy is still actual despite heterogeneity on its accessibility in Europe and fast advances in neoadjuvant immunotherapy

While strategies for drug de-escalation continue to be actively pursued, some challenges including insufficient funding of research still limit their applicability 

While the field is rapidly evolving, regulatory shifts and greater access to tumour profiling are now needed to realise the full benefits for patients

Final survival data from the TALAPRO-2 study support the use of a PARP inhibitor plus an androgen receptor pathway inhibitor 

Recent findings consolidate the role of liquid biopsy in the field, but prospective research is needed

Next steps for research include personalising regimens and learning how to predict response and toxicity

Long-term multisectoral preventive actions that take into account local requirements are needed

Findings from complex statistical modelling can form the basis for easy-to-use precision diagnostic and risk-stratification tools to help inform management decisions

Advances in spatial transcriptomics could provide novel opportunities for early detection, metastasis prediction and identification of actionable targets